A. Definition of Conditional
Sentence
In
everyday life, we often suppose. For example, if (when) you want to be my
boyfriend, I'll make you the happiest person in the world. If I were rich, I
would wake up 5-star hotel on Kuta beach. If I had wings I would fly star cited
by you. And so on. Such sentences are called conditional sentences. Conditional
sentences to express predictable fact in the future or untrue event in the
present and in the past (ganesha operation 2010: 83)[1].
According to Raymond Murphy, Conditional
Sentences are sentences used to express supposition of an event that has not
happened, or even impossible. Conditionals has several forms that represent
different forms of time, in other words, the form of conditional sentence will
depend on the assumed form of the event. Here are a few patterns of Conditional
Sentences[2].
According
to Mulyono dan Widayanti, Conditional sentence are sentences expressing factual
implication, or hypothetical situtations and their consequence. Conditional
sentences consist of two parts : the if clause and main clause[3].
Conditional
sentence are linguistics expressing factual implications, or Hypotesis situations
and their Material conditional. They are so called because the validity of
the Main clause of the sentence is conditional on
the existence of certain circumstances, which may be expressed in
a Dependent clause or may be understood from the context.
In
grammar, conditional sentences are sentences discussing factual implications or
hypothetical situations and their consequences. Languages use a variety of
conditional constructions and verb forms (such as the conditional mood) to form
such sentences.
A
full conditional sentence (one which expresses the condition as well as its
consequences) therefore contains two Clause: the dependent clause
expressing the condition, called the protasis; and the main clause
expressing the consequence, called the apodosis[4]. An example of
such a sentence (in English grammar) is the following: “If it rains, the picnic will be cancelled”
Here
the condition is expressed by the clause if it rains, this being
the protasis, while the consequence is expressed by the picnic will be
cancelled, this being the apodosis. (The protasis may either precede or
follow the apodosis; it is equally possible to say "The picnic will be
cancelled if it rains".) In terms of Logic, the protasis corresponds
to the Antecedent (logic), and the apodosis to the Consequent. In English,
the conditional sentences in general have the following characteristics:
a. use of the word if in clause
(subordinate clause). Because of this clause if preceded by a
clause if it is called.
b. use of auxiliary capital, such as
will, can, may, must, would, could, Might, etc. the principal sentence (main
clause).
B. Types of
Conditional Sentence
Conditional
Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to
express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if
a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. Full conditional
sentences contain two clauses: the condition or protasis, and the consequence
or apodosis. while English conditional sentences can be divided into the two
broad classes of factual/predictive and hypothetical (counterfactual), depending
on the form of the verb in the condition (protasis). The terms
"factual" and "counterfactual" broadly correspond to the
linguistic modalities called realis and irrealis[5].
a. factual/real conditional
some thing which may possibly happen in the future.
|
Conditional
|
Independent
clause
|
|||||
|
If
|
subject
|
V
(present)
|
,
|
Subject
|
will
|
Verb 1
|
|
If
|
I
|
Have a
naughty
Student
|
I
|
Will
|
Punish him
|
|
fact : I may have a naughty student in the future
b. factual
conditionals / impossible result
|
Conditional
|
Independent
clause
|
||||||
|
If
|
Subject
|
V (past)
|
Object
|
Subject
|
Would+
|
Verb1
|
object
|
|
If
|
I
|
Had
|
A naughty
student
|
I
|
Would
|
Punish
|
Her
|
fact
: I don’t have a naughty student
e.g :
v if I had a
cell phone, I would call him
fact : I
don’t a cell phone, so I won’t call him
v If I were
her mother, I would let her go
fact : I am
not her mother, so I won’t let her go
note : remember that the verb BE is always were in
contrary-to-fact conditional
In English conditional sentences there
are 3 types:
a.
conditional
sentences type 1 (Future Possible)[6]
The first
conditional (also called conditional type 1) is a structure used for talking
about possibilities in the present or in the future.
This is used
to denote an action that will be / happen in the future if a condition
fulfilled. The possibility of doing that, depending on the condition that met
or not. Attitudes of the speaker in this case showed the neutral and still hope
that these actions can occur.
Real
conditionals expressing generalizations usually have the same tense (usually
simple present or simple past) in both clauses. However, if the simple present
tense is used in the if-clause, will + verb can be used in the main clause without
changing the meaning.
Formula :
|
If + S + Verb (present), S + future tense
OR
subjek + future tense, if + subjek + future tense
|
For this
type of sentence structure as follows:
v Main clause
_ simple future tense
v If clause_
simple present tense
Examples of
real conditional sentences expressing facts:
|
If + S + present tense, S +
|
will
|
+ Verb1
|
|
can
|
||
|
may
|
||
|
must
|
Formula
v If water
boils, it turns to steam.
v If water
boils, it will turn to steam.
Examples of
real conditional sentences expressing habitual activities:
|
If + S + verb1, S + verb1
|
Formula
v If he eats
breakfast, he feels better all day.
v If he eats
breakfast, he will feel better all day.
v If he ate
breakfast, he felt better all day.
These
generalizations can also be expressed by using when or whenever instead of if:
v When water
boils, it turns to steam.
v When he eats
breakfast, he feels better all day.
v When he ate
breakfast, he felt better all day.
Unless – If Not
Unless used
to replace if not, for negative statements. Note in the sentence below:
e.g :
v If you don’t
take an umbrella. You will get wet.
fact: Unless you take an umbrella. You will get wet.
v if I learn,
I will pass the exam
fact: if I learn, I won't fail the exam
v If you don’t
study hard. You won’t pass the examination.
fact: Unless you study hard. You won’t pass the
examination.
v if I don't
learn, I will fail the exam
fact: if I dont't learn, I won't pass the exam
v If it
doesn’t rain tomorrow. I will go for a swim.
fact: Unless it rains tomorrow. I will
not go for a swim.
b.
conditional
sentences type 2 (Present Unreal)
This section
is used to declare a state of different / opposite of the reality in the
present. appropriate sentence structure as follows:
v Main clause
_ past future tense
v If clause_
future tense simple
Conditional
Sentence Type 2 : It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be
fulfilled.
Formula :
|
If + S + Verb 2 / were + S + would + Verb1
OR
If + S + V2, Subject + Past Future
|
e.g :
v If you
studied hard, you would pass the examination.
fact: You don’t study hard, so you would not pass the examination
v If I had a
car. I would take a trip to bali.
fact: I don’t have a car
v If my father
knew how to drive. He would buy a car.
fact: My father doesn’t know to drive
v I would eat
japanese food if I lived in japan.
fact: I don’t live in japan
v He would buy
a new house if he had much money.
fact: He doesn’t have much money
v If I had the
money, I would buy this car.
fact: Since I do not have the money I cannot buy any new car
v If
I were a president, I would go around the world.
fact: I am not a president
c.
conditional
sentences type 3 (Past Unreal)
The third
conditional (also called conditional type 3) is a structure used for talking
about unreal situations in the past. In other words, it is used to talk about
things which DID NOT HAPPEN in the past, so It is impossible that the condition
will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.
Past unreal
is used to express a different situation, and contrary to reality in the past.
composition of the sentence as follows:
v Main clause
_ Past future perfect tense
v If clause _
Past perfect tense.
Formula :
|
If + S + Past Perfect +, S + Past perfect future + Verb 3
OR
Subject + Past perfect future, if
+ Subjek + Past Perfect + V3
|
e.g :
v If we had
played a little better, we could have won the game.
fact: We didn't play well, so we lost the game.
v If he had
gone to the concert last night, he would have seen Mary
fact: He didn’t go to the concert, so not have seen
mary
v If I had
seen you yesterday, I would tell told you about it.
fact: I didn’t see you yesterday, so I wouldn't
tell you about it.
v If weather
had been fine yesterday, we would have gone for swim.
fact: the weather was bad yesterday, so we're not gone
for swim
v If you had
told her the truth, she wouldn’t have been angry.
fact: You didn’t tell her the
truth), she would have been angry
MAPING OF
CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
|
CONDITIONAL
SENTENCE
|
|
IF
CLAUSE
|
MAIN
CLAUSE
|
There are 3 types of
conditional sentence
|
|
Formula
|
Type 1 Future Conditional
Formula :
If + S + Verb (present), S + will + Verb1
|
Type 2 Present Conditional
Formula :
If + S + Verb 2 / were, S +
would + Verb1
|
Type 3 Past Conditional
Formula :
If + S + had + Verb 3, S + would have + Verb 3
|
|
If he wins the competition, they will
give him a gold medal.
|
If
Agnes Monica were my girlfriend, I would be the happiest boy in the world.
|
If
Britney Spears had been here, I would have been very happy.
|
[5]
Th. M. Sudarwati dan Eudia
Grace, Look Ahead Book2 An English Course, PT Gelora Aksara Pratama, Jakarta.
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